import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (8, 8)


Three-input models

Make an input layer for home vs. away

Now you will make an improvement to the model you used in the previous chapter for regular season games. You know there is a well-documented home-team advantage in basketball, so you will add a new input to your model to capture this effect.

This model will have three inputs: team_id_1, team_id_2, and home. The team IDs will be integers that you look up in your team strength model from the previous chapter, and home will be a binary variable, 1 if team_1 is playing at home, 0 if they are not.

games_season = pd.read_csv('./dataset/games_season.csv')

season team_1 team_2 home score_diff score_1 score_2 won
0 1985 3745 6664 0 17 81 64 1
1 1985 126 7493 1 7 77 70 1
2 1985 288 3593 1 7 63 56 1
3 1985 1846 9881 1 16 70 54 1
4 1985 2675 10298 1 12 86 74 1
games_tourney = pd.read_csv('./dataset/games_tourney.csv')

season team_1 team_2 home seed_diff score_diff score_1 score_2 won
0 1985 288 73 0 -3 -9 41 50 0
1 1985 5929 73 0 4 6 61 55 1
2 1985 9884 73 0 5 -4 59 63 0
3 1985 73 288 0 3 9 50 41 1
4 1985 3920 410 0 1 -9 54 63 0
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Embedding, Input, Flatten
from tensorflow.keras.models import Model

# Count the unique number of teams
n_teams = np.unique(games_season['team_1']).shape[0]

# Create an embedding layer
team_lookup = Embedding(input_dim=n_teams,
output_dim=1,
input_length=1,
name='Team-Strength')

# Create an input layer for the team ID
teamid_in = Input(shape=(1, ))

# Lookup the input in the team strength embedding layer
strength_lookup = team_lookup(teamid_in)

# Flatten the output
strength_lookup_flat = Flatten()(strength_lookup)

# Combine the operations into a single, re-usable model
team_strength_model = Model(teamid_in, strength_lookup_flat, name='Team-Strength-Model')

team_strength_model.summary()

Model: "Team-Strength-Model"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #
=================================================================
input_1 (InputLayer)         [(None, 1)]               0
_________________________________________________________________
Team-Strength (Embedding)    (None, 1, 1)              10888
_________________________________________________________________
flatten (Flatten)            (None, 1)                 0
=================================================================
Total params: 10,888
Trainable params: 10,888
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________

from tensorflow.keras.layers import Concatenate, Dense

# Create an Input for each team
team_in_1 = Input(shape=(1, ), name='Team-1-In')
team_in_2 = Input(shape=(1, ), name='Team-2-In')

# Create an input for home vs away
home_in = Input(shape=(1, ), name='Home-In')

# Lookup the team inputs in the team strength model
team_1_strength = team_strength_model(team_in_1)
team_2_strength = team_strength_model(team_in_2)

# Combine the team strengths with the home input using a Concatenate layer,
# then add a Dense layer

out = Concatenate()([team_1_strength, team_2_strength, home_in])
out = Dense(1)(out)


Make a model and compile it

Now that you've input and output layers for the 3-input model, wrap them up in a Keras model class, and then compile the model, so you can fit it to data and use it to make predictions on new data.

model = Model([team_in_1, team_in_2, home_in], out)

# Compile the model


Fit the model and evaluate

Now that you've defined a new model, fit it to the regular season basketball data.

Use the model you fit in the previous exercise (which was trained on the regular season data) and evaluate the model on data for tournament games (games_tourney).

model.fit([games_season['team_1'], games_season['team_2'], games_season['home']],
games_season['score_diff'],
epochs=1, verbose=True, validation_split=0.1, batch_size=2048)

# Evaluate the model on the games_touney dataset
print(model.evaluate([games_tourney['team_1'], games_tourney['team_2'], games_tourney['home']],
games_tourney['score_diff'], verbose=False))

138/138 [==============================] - 0s 2ms/step - loss: 12.2876 - val_loss: 11.5519
11.686502456665039


Summarizing and plotting models

Model summaries

In this exercise, you will take a closer look at the summary of one of your 3-input models available in your workspace as model. Note how many layers the model has, how many parameters it has, and how many of those parameters are trainable/non-trainable.

model.summary()

Model: "model"
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                    Output Shape         Param #     Connected to
==================================================================================================
Team-1-In (InputLayer)          [(None, 1)]          0
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Team-2-In (InputLayer)          [(None, 1)]          0
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Team-Strength-Model (Model)     (None, 1)            10888       Team-1-In[0][0]
Team-2-In[0][0]
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Home-In (InputLayer)            [(None, 1)]          0
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
concatenate (Concatenate)       (None, 3)            0           Team-Strength-Model[1][0]
Team-Strength-Model[2][0]
Home-In[0][0]
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
dense (Dense)                   (None, 1)            4           concatenate[0][0]
==================================================================================================
Total params: 10,892
Trainable params: 10,892
Non-trainable params: 0
__________________________________________________________________________________________________


Plotting models

In addition to summarizing your model, you can also plot your model to get a more intuitive sense of it.

from tensorflow.keras.utils import plot_model

# Plot model
plot_model(model, to_file='../images/team_strength_model.png')

# Display the image
plt.imshow(data);


Stacking models

Add the model predictions to the tournament data

In lesson 1 of this chapter, you used the regular season model to make predictions on the tournament dataset, and got pretty good results! Try to improve your predictions for the tournament by modeling it specifically.

You'll use the prediction from the regular season model as an input to the tournament model. This is a form of "model stacking."

To start, take the regular season model from the previous lesson, and predict on the tournament data. Add this prediction to the tournament data as a new column.

games_tourney['pred'] = model.predict([games_tourney['team_1'],
games_tourney['team_2'],
games_tourney['home']])


Create an input layer with multiple columns

In this exercise, you will look at a different way to create models with multiple inputs. This method only works for purely numeric data, but its a much simpler approach to making multi-variate neural networks.

Now you have three numeric columns in the tournament dataset: 'seed_diff', 'home', and 'pred'. In this exercise, you will create a neural network that uses a single input layer to process all three of these numeric inputs.

This model should have a single output to predict the tournament game score difference.

input_tensor = Input(shape=(3, ))

# Pass it to a Dense layer with 1 unit
output_tensor = Dense(1)(input_tensor)

# Create a model
model = Model(input_tensor, output_tensor)

# Compile the model


Fit the model

Now that you've enriched the tournament dataset and built a model to make use of the new data, fit that model to the tournament data.

Note that this model has only one input layer that is capable of handling all 3 inputs, so it's inputs and outputs do not need to be a list.

Tournament games are split into a training set and a test set. The tournament games before 2010 are in the training set, and the ones after 2010 are in the test set.

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

games_tourney_train = games_tourney[games_tourney['season'] <= 2010]
games_tourney_test = games_tourney[games_tourney['season'] > 2010]

model.fit(games_tourney_train[['home', 'seed_diff', 'pred']],
games_tourney_train['score_diff'],
epochs=1,
verbose=True);

103/103 [==============================] - 0s 715us/step - loss: 9.2063


Evaluate the model

Now that you've fit your model to the tournament training data, evaluate it on the tournament test data. Recall that the tournament test data contains games from after 2010.

print(model.evaluate(games_tourney_test[['home', 'seed_diff', 'pred']],
games_tourney_test['score_diff'],
verbose=True))

30/30 [==============================] - 0s 763us/step - loss: 9.1752
9.175172805786133