import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (10, 5)

How to use dates & times with pandas

Date & time series functionality
- At the root: data types for date & time information
  - Objects for points in time and periods
  - Attributes & methods reflect time-related details
- Sequences of dates & periods
  - Series or DataFrame columns
  - Index: convert object into Time Series
    - Many Series/DataFrame methods rely on time information in the index to provide time-series functinoality

Your first time series

You have learned in the video how to create a sequence of dates using pd.date_range(). You have also seen that each date in the resulting pd.DatetimeIndex is a pd.Timestamp with various attributes that you can access to obtain information about the date.

Now, you'll create a week of data, iterate over the result, and obtain the dayofweek and weekday_name for each date.

seven_days = pd.date_range(start='2017-1-1',periods=7)

# Iterate over the dates and print the number and name of the weekday
for day in seven_days:
    print(day.dayofweek, day.day_name())

6 Sunday
0 Monday
1 Tuesday
2 Wednesday
3 Thursday
4 Friday
5 Saturday

Note: weekday_name attribute is deprecated since 0.23.0. Instead, use .day_name() method.

Indexing & resampling time series

Time series transformation
- Basic time series transformations include:
  - Parsing string dates and convert to datetime64
  - Selecting & slicing for specific subperiods
  - Setting & changing DateTimeIndex frequency
    - Upsampling : Higher frequency implies new dates -> missing data

Create a time series of air quality data

You have seen in the video how to deal with dates that are not in the correct format, but instead are provided as string types, represented as dtype object in pandas.

We have prepared a data set with air quality data (ozone, pm25, and carbon monoxide for NYC, 2000-2017) for you to practice the use of pd.to_datetime().

data = pd.read_csv('./dataset/nyc.csv')

# Inspect data
print(data.info())

# Convert the date column to datetime64
data['date'] = pd.to_datetime(data['date'])

# Set date column as index
data.set_index('date', inplace=True)

# Inspect data
print(data.info())

# Plot data
data.plot(subplots=True);

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 6317 entries, 0 to 6316
Data columns (total 4 columns):
 #   Column  Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------  --------------  -----  
 0   date    6317 non-null   object 
 1   ozone   6317 non-null   float64
 2   pm25    6317 non-null   float64
 3   co      6317 non-null   float64
dtypes: float64(3), object(1)
memory usage: 197.5+ KB
None
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
DatetimeIndex: 6317 entries, 1999-07-01 to 2017-03-31
Data columns (total 3 columns):
 #   Column  Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------  --------------  -----  
 0   ozone   6317 non-null   float64
 1   pm25    6317 non-null   float64
 2   co      6317 non-null   float64
dtypes: float64(3)
memory usage: 197.4 KB
None

Compare annual stock price trends

In the video, you have seen how to select sub-periods from a time series.

You'll use this to compare the performance for three years of Yahoo stock prices.

yahoo = pd.read_csv('./dataset/yahoo.csv')
yahoo['date'] = pd.to_datetime(yahoo['date'])
yahoo.set_index('date', inplace=True)
yahoo.head()

prices = pd.DataFrame()

# Select data for each year and concatenate with prices here
for year in ['2013', '2014', '2015']:
    price_per_year = yahoo.loc[year, ['price']].reset_index(drop=True)
    price_per_year.rename(columns={'price':year}, inplace=True)
    prices = pd.concat([prices, price_per_year], axis=1)
    
# Plot prices
prices.plot();

Set and change time series frequency

In the video, you have seen how to assign a frequency to a DateTimeIndex, and then change this frequency.

Now, you'll use data on the daily carbon monoxide concentration in NYC, LA and Chicago from 2005-17.

You'll set the frequency to calendar daily and then resample to monthly frequency, and visualize both series to see how the different frequencies affect the data.

co = pd.read_csv('./dataset/co_cities.csv')
co['date'] = pd.to_datetime(co['date'])
co.set_index('date', inplace=True)
co.head()

print(co.info())

# Set the frequency to calendar daily
co = co.asfreq('D')

# Plot the data
co.plot(subplots=True);

# Set Frequency to monthly
co = co.asfreq('M')

# Plot the data
co.plot(subplots=True);

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
DatetimeIndex: 1898 entries, 2005-01-01 to 2010-12-31
Data columns (total 3 columns):
 #   Column       Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------       --------------  -----  
 0   Chicago      1898 non-null   float64
 1   Los Angeles  1898 non-null   float64
 2   New York     1898 non-null   float64
dtypes: float64(3)
memory usage: 59.3 KB
None

Lags, changes, and returns for stock price series

Basic time series calculations
- Typical Time Series manipulations include:
  - Shift or lag values back or forward back in time
  - Get the difference in value for a given time period
  - Compute the percent change over any number of periods _ pandas built-in methods rely on pd.DataTimeIndex

Shifting stock prices across time

The first method to manipulate time series that you saw in the video was .shift(), which allows you shift all values in a Series or DataFrame by a number of periods to a different time along the DateTimeIndex.

Let's use this to visually compare a stock price series for Google shifted 90 business days into both past and future.

google = pd.read_csv('./dataset/google.csv', parse_dates=['Date'], index_col='Date')

# Set data frequency to business daily
google = google.asfreq('B')

# Create 'lagged' and 'shifted'
google['lagged'] = google['Close'].shift(periods=-90)
google['shifted'] = google['Close'].shift(periods=90)

# Plot the google price series
google.plot();
plt.savefig('../images/google_lagged.png')

Calculating stock price changes

You have learned in the video how to calculate returns using current and shifted prices as input. Now you'll practice a similar calculation to calculate absolute changes from current and shifted prices, and compare the result to the function .diff().

yahoo = yahoo.asfreq('B')

yahoo['shifted_30'] = yahoo['price'].shift(periods=30)

# Subtract shifted_30 from price
yahoo['change_30'] = yahoo['price'] - yahoo['shifted_30']

# Get the 30-day price difference
yahoo['diff_30'] = yahoo['price'].diff(periods=30)

# Inspect the last five rows of price
print(yahoo['price'].tail(5))

# Show the value_counts of the difference between change_30 and diff_30
print(yahoo['diff_30'].sub(yahoo['change_30']).value_counts())

date
2015-12-25      NaN
2015-12-28    33.60
2015-12-29    34.04
2015-12-30    33.37
2015-12-31    33.26
Freq: B, Name: price, dtype: float64
0.0    703
dtype: int64

Plotting multi-period returns

The last time series method you have learned about in the video was .pct_change(). Let's use this function to calculate returns for various calendar day periods, and plot the result to compare the different patterns.

We'll be using Google stock prices from 2014-2016.

google = pd.read_csv('./dataset/google.csv', parse_dates=['Date'], index_col='Date')

# Set data frequency to business daily
google = google.asfreq('D')

google['daily_return'] = google['Close'].pct_change(periods=1) * 100

# Create monthly_return
google['monthly_return'] = google['Close'].pct_change(periods=30) * 100

# Create annual_return
google['annual_return'] = google['Close'].pct_change(periods=360) * 100

# Plot the result
google.plot(subplots=True);

	price
date
2013-01-02	20.08
2013-01-03	19.78
2013-01-04	19.86
2013-01-07	19.40
2013-01-08	19.66

	Chicago	Los Angeles	New York
date
2005-01-01	0.317763	0.777657	0.639830
2005-01-03	0.520833	0.349547	0.969572
2005-01-04	0.477083	0.626630	0.905208
2005-01-05	0.348822	0.613814	0.769176
2005-01-06	0.572917	0.792596	0.815761